Cervical cancer is
malignant neoplasm of the
cervix uteri or cervical area. It may present with
vaginal bleeding, but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages.
[1] Treatment consists of
surgery (including
local excision) in early stages and
chemotherapy and
radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease.
Pap smear screening can identify potentially precancerous changes. Treatment of high grade changes can prevent the development of cancer. In developed countries, the widespread use of cervical screening programs has reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by 50% or more.
[citation needed]
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the development of almost all cases of cervical cancer.
[1][2] HPV vaccines effective against the two strains of HPV that currently cause approximately 70% of cervical cancer have been licensed in the U.S, Canada, Australia and the EU.
[3][4] Since the vaccines only cover some of the cancer causing ("high-risk") types of HPV, women should seek regular Pap smear screening, even after vaccination.
[5]
Cervix in relation to upper part of vagina and posterior portion of uterus.
Cervical cancer seen on a T2 weighted saggital MR image of the pelvis.
The cervix is the narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top of the vagina. Most cervical cancers are
squamous cell carcinomas, arising in the
squamous (flattened) epithelial cells that line the cervix.
Adenocarcinoma, arising in glandular
epithelial cells is the second most common type. Very rarely, cancer can arise in other types of cells in the cervix.
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